Es va perfeccionar, progressivament, el funcionament de les màquines de vapor alimentades amb carbó i es va millorar la producció siderúrgica. Però la segona revolució industrial va néixer de la utilització de noves fonts d'energia: l'electricitat i el petroli. El darrer pilar bàsic de les transformacions tècniques de la darreria del segle XIX va ser el sector químic.
dilluns, 11 d’abril del 2016
3. La Segona Revolució Industrial.
La segona revolució industrial correspon a l'època a partir del darrer terç del segle XIX, a ritmes molt diferents, el capitalisme es va expandir i consolidar a Europa, als Estats Units d'Amèrica, al Canadà i al Japó.
Sota l'efecte de nous progressos tecnològics, de modificacions en les
formes d'organitzar el treball i a les noves possibilitats de
finançament, la indústria creix fortament i diversifica les seves produccions; fets que van
transformar la vida econòmica i van permetre, en el marc d'un mercat
mundial, una producció en massa, donant peu a l'era de la màquina.
Es va perfeccionar, progressivament, el funcionament de les màquines de vapor alimentades amb carbó i es va millorar la producció siderúrgica. Però la segona revolució industrial va néixer de la utilització de noves fonts d'energia: l'electricitat i el petroli. El darrer pilar bàsic de les transformacions tècniques de la darreria del segle XIX va ser el sector químic.
![Resultat d'imatges de segona revolucio industrial](data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wCEAAkGBxMTEhUTEhMWFRUXGB8bGBgXGR8gGRsbHh4gIR0dIB0fHiggGx8lHR8dITIiJSkrLi4uGh8zODMtNygtLisBCgoKDg0OFxAQGi0dHx0tLS0tLS0tKy0tLS0tKy0tLS0tLS0tLS0tLS0tLS0tLSstLS0tLS0tLTctLS03LS03Lf/AABEIAQMAwgMBIgACEQEDEQH/xAAcAAACAgMBAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAFBgQHAAEDAgj/xABCEAACAQIEBAQEAwcBBgYDAAABAhEAAwQSITEFBkFREyJhcQcygZFCobEUI1LB0eHwYhUzQ3KC8RY0U5KisiRUc//EABcBAQEBAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEAAgP/xAAeEQEBAQACAwEBAQAAAAAAAAAAARECIRIxQWFRcf/aAAwDAQACEQMRAD8AuHFYOyUysile1D+JvYw9gIFAVjAidDEzO/Sp3E8IWUlTr2oHjCz2mS4sMgzKfapvjEgJce0wtkSR5Cf4o/rSvheYXUtbe4qG262TkhmMDWAACQSDrrrpU7lzG3rnzqU82YCdAdZEgkawTFDOcsBatIMXhWRLqEhwJk5gRt0M942mlvMuC78cM54vQxGVRbmN9hoQfUbV24fx267NbvKFAHYqxk6GDsI696ReWcY73MyXbt50sgkAgiSwAGsZSBO51708XDiBYVrai4zAEBjDdJEGO569KjZELnrGIAhJgSgPqNwPXehfJeAuYjFsxZlt2x54PzEiFH/2n/lHeovNwa0EfGWbjBiSMpygNGgMyDABIHvpTFyxjMuCa+C03mLfvCBA2EQNBAmpXqdI3MvFPDb92oTLosHSRtA3IA30qDZ5gS9cYnw5I7+ae+o2NI3FOMNdJ1MkdOnX7/1o5wXk18ovXLiqQMxUnULuZ+k6UtZJDTw/mW1ZlW2G439Kj8Q5atYg274tAR81kyoddf4YKt2+k0m3uJ2EuMbUvBEF4Gx099f1qS/PtzxxmINvqANfca1DBjjfHlOBa1ZueGLLnKrF0vSDGQGIIUsNZkhdqicni0LYxd0Z79x2ysxnKJgmNiSZ1PpS7zYBdupdtA5rykmCMpKjUkRrK67174RjT+y2xHyho9fMTI+/5VKQwc2k3ip6K5ljqdY2Hp+vpVeeJIA+n5mrB4Pwm/jEzW0zAahs0DMJED6UlcW4HicN/vrNxNTqRp9xpVT+OFrAPcBKR5d5IB17d6j4vDvbOW4pB3ipPCsZlzEnSp2Mxq3CrlcwAEH12167D8qiD2G+1F8FbV5QI2SZzpbzXNNABroCeknvQW28E5hoen/at2sVctvntsykHQqSD9xQDJgOFm6z28xS2hGc3FUMsnbvMz/hqJiuB3FbLbK3RrBT07ztXixzJdBd2W27vozMnmOoMyCJJ7mZrh/td20ITVp26/fapJ9niOKsNlcGFBGS6kpB0JCsMs67gdfWu68asXLitewlsIBDCwWQk667xOomf4RtXHiPEroQ2/EW4jKCSAwgHXKM3qOnahdi8hdSwgAQco3gaSJ1nrSh1+I2pOVLoXoDe1A6fg7VlEP2fAnUMYO3t963Ul+Uv8XxgU7dCPvQ3mTmC7bmFhPWQfvSa/MjO2o29dGHb0okc+HC+xbhuMutea1bEMdVZj5FC5pJEb6QI1/OpXDSjO/iebv4hG0wsTrE6D1GwmoGJ4oFtpfsmGUEHvJGn1kD7V4xC57VsAkG4vkMSNtQC25+m4Mb0ugTzH+2WL14W8yYdsssPlUTI2EqBt661HwXE3NxFGPIsqrPmYeYNA0Gm0gQCe9M2F4UL1pRfBNxFygEbL+E5TIMeoO3vSTguJ2reJu+ODcRlyrnj5ehyqAo022ipHbBi5i7bq2O8cvrbXIqlGG5MggjWdhArMc9vItprzAEFDlHlmJMT11n6Gku9cw9jDEJYuFrouKbl3YK0qIjQ6H33oNe42RZS0g0HU7yNTB00M7EaUCRK4A1kXP35IKNJj8Q6fn+tNXN/ElbC5regaFPeDuDVf37TOVCZ7lwgZlVCSp6ARJMCOn6UxYLlvHXiFuHwl8uYXdAJMKIgy3WNKTQbh3Bb95S9q2Ssxm6SN/em/g/K2GewrXLbm4TDMGOhzRGXpG/0NOGD4XnwxbAXbdsIzBlyyNDIjYqcu+bWl3i/EQXAd8gJAcidFnVvbfWobqBx9cFh0tKV8S4hMAMQoBWPMBqTrsCKX+B8KtXryWh5cx8ok7AyRuf5UD4jfm47TuzEdZEmrK4ZiVwysHa2vgqMqmAzXCgmToZzFu+wqJx/wBo28LaW2r27YXeFBAUbkAHT37mq85y+Ii30NqykAN8x3K+3QzQDmrjl64CLhIZ48sEQo20PcmfoKXeGcOuXrgtpBZu5gbSSSdAABNAnH60zSGjSd4rqyxbGoM9vqIPY+h6UQu8t3rNxUugCSBmBkCepPb+9CsdYuWrrW3BV0YhgRsR+v8AQ1FyNskgddKJ3OF3EXN5WXY+Ydj3jsR7jrQnxCDI017V11MjTUdh6VF7ePWurvbBWFbTeSNT1jTT86imyQaI3LqKuUWxMCWmTO87mNz/AGqSPbWJqdYx5gJoF1nSZ021qAlwT0+tevEgmGidJA77+30qSeLa/wAVZWrVqQNRt/EKykPpDjeGW7aZCmadNutJmC5LCYhSw/d7kHb0H3qxHcDcxS5zFxdbIz/MT0/D9T/KiOXG31CJ/si0njHxMyC5PlhlUBhAYSNOh96jcO4optmy8tlDZHJ+QLJEfTUeuao2Na4yPcs/+XdhKW5Cq43kDeYEE9qABmDZsvmzCF6E9de0f/al2w/YjiYZUZSEdFMmTOZRB8yycs9NZE9Tor864FTaTF210uQqhB5Sfxb6gjXpUri0uFvYWXIYBhAElZYNlCwvUd4OtGeGrbxOGUXjnNzV1WQbZB8sNsNI7dN6h6VvhcWvhNbcXWX+EMAoPSJBjfpTNY4lgrK2LNzD/uzHiM6ySROY9OvYCuPOnAEw+HtMnzZ4bLqp0mSe8a/U0AfEpdWLt3Io1Eh3P0hdfvUvZo458RGW4beFt27doEQUXKxjvAAGs0I4vzp4lzOi6eGqsGG5BmTrrrGoIOlau4fBZLSktcdl1YSsa6CD27ketGDxbhmDcDD4YXGGj3LoLkHbQPp9RQDL8NcTcC379ybwuMpXwIydQQSSNtNCToKJc7cUQWmS4mQOhUBgOo0Mg/Kp1+1KjfEZn8trcbDLA+g2FJvHuP3sSfOT5omrB497RKzygl+z4lu7kYRmVtV17daLYey1pkVsUrXiwlSMytBEMQfxAdSOn1ofwHjF22MtqGuu4tpm1CjU5o6n+9H+Z72JwyrcvZHVmEsFAYR0idiaWvqbxjkdcQhuvdPiM2bxG1/wdh0qDwjlNcHcW+rlxlIysPmnT7Vz5b4iMR4l6/pZtoQygN8x2K5TIPr60zYfH2r9lfDI8uiqDsASB7GBtvQOy/jrRuCB/wAMBVXpl99zTFw7lTC4+yGxNkeMFClwSGyjbUHcDvOwmhmFwz+L4jLFonLm6Zug+9HcTxNcMFAVnZzlCJ8x03/zvTRy/kUhzby3dwOIa04JE/u36OvQj6RI6Gg+aPSvqDi2Ds4vD+FibPlYDQnzIe4bcEdx9aR7/wANeHrofG98/wDasqc/6pjMOtd0QHXWnXmP4ei2jXMLeNwDUow83rBGhPoQKRAY1mluXUkWD2PrWnFFeW+PixcBvWheQ7iYP6a/WuAtq7yGCqST18oPpvUnldhWVJ/YX7TWVYMfQXNOKZbLMAdBI0qi+L4+5db94zNHSdB7DYVdfHeIXD4iAAACB1nbU9uopNvcoLfGZjkY6kLTGeEyEnhHMd6xcRgQUXTw/wABHUEdffeiPMPGGvMwuWgrAmMvlAkaiIlp9Yiu3G+WbGEfDm5ccq9wZ9NkkSR961zNiLKZltIJkEXMxO3oRvU3MRuAcaOHPkA85AeYgt/FqO09DvTXw/HB2ayAjO0MgTaDM6aGdDqO81WtjF5HD5c3cHbWmTgxazc/aVFu4DruEZVmJQzp0k7CpWHvGC26m3fQO9tWyiZcyN49dAd/rVWc18KTDFFUvmfzEMykBfwnyiQTroe1WMA9xhdUG25B7liTEqWXQA94MSfahvN/LX7QbeUENmEKsFlEGc31B+tDM6VpxTBPbjM6NI0KOrg/VSYOorXCeHPiG8NcxyjOxhmCqNNY2Gu9bW21mHKgyJXMAwj2M9aI8L47et2r6qy/vh5jADHTQSACYk6HSkinJnI1+9fcl0t27UZn1IaZ0TadusRp3pouYvhWHZreU3HUkFjv9DsB0qubPMV5bb2c5hzMhiCDGuo7jShCgswUHUmB9aFi4MNx/CIR4YS0JnQSx9SaB/EHmJMQq27ZkAan1kUlZVA1ua9ADt9e/et4PCXLjBUVnbsNT9e1Kw2cNw7WuHL5mXx7mYxvkUae0kA+xr3wPDeG4NoQxgCPU6fmag4outpcOzDyowM7gk9jr6ewo1yIwfF2EOsMP/iCf5VH4bOceNWrYXCoys9srMmMrDUbjU6zNeOVArMrrqzKXdzuqTAAJ6uwOv8ACp70M+IvCFN+2ysZutL+kESZ6aT9qG3eY1sYdxaYC7e1CjZLQAW0vocgBjuxqYzZ0sPF8XtKJa4o+tV/xr4jqCRat5vUnSkHEcQdvmaaG3zJoM4yGDFc3Yl3LK+SdIG0fWgOMaTm2J1Pv1NelwrxmymO9eHtmAelTTmqab17QmdK5iulp4II0jahCa49wIn8hWqj5qyll9G8W8MuSo853+n5UL4oPDUPnVcoLOT0ETNS8Rw/EW7RZfBbEGcgdyEPsY36xVV4vjt93xGGxSw7kq0ELBB1A6GYjczVBxG+buI4HF2ZdstxFGW4uZjJI/ACARvp/SgV3C2rwLWLjuoABNxAuv8A7jFCr+BCkJ4d0GdNBrPcg7R6d6kcr4kXXe3duraXLOZgdYO0IskwZ/6aW8xB4jYNvft9PuPWDRLk0lr/AITKbiOsFYnLGsgfcfXWmbFchX7tkNYe3eWJAOZCQeoziCPrSpw/ilzA3mISG1tuNMwg6ie/Sobvo44Pilu1iPBs5hbKw1hiBcVpEMhaA/8Ayg9DG9OjqqQCGUFcpaJ0XeT00AE71UePuWr1o3WLvfCAlwfKDEhYjbTedDT9yVxF8Vat5rksg2uj5p7EkhxI/X6FHKEv4hYPM6LaGS0LJKyAARb+aNdySPr33pJuEoAG0JUGOpB1E9tNftV/4vBWjdyYgq6xlsgLMFyM6wBA1iZ9KrHnrgxS6QEAZne53OQkhfWIUe2U1LjSMtljqFPsBP1imDgnAbhsjElclt5tq7OFGshiOp0BXWN+tCjxC4gKC4ygnoe3tXS/xW81pUdmZVMJJ29BU0Y7XJ1hLdu7ca/cRj/wlXKQCQRmzHbvA9q4cb4s9kC3asNh7H4ND5x3La5j1mSdag8B44QcrEgAeUgtI7wRsDp0O1FuJcYzXYJLoAAVYlge+4HenAE4PFSupktuI123nr1pw+Gt3LfuuNclqZ7Syj89qG8L4AMRcK4Wy5A6AyF92Ogp94ZygOH2nvM5Z3CKUHyjzA77k5vpVRyscePYs2PCvq3iFbjKS3VWBMadhpPpSNzLa4fcXPh28FwPMhBKn2IkA/5FN/HsYtzCzAKvc/dgD01n1kzVZcVw4BzqAO8VKItnhjtrlMd4ro/DQD/LemHl7i1o4YWGtl7wuMyyNADlgZp01n2pk45y/YVc9sjfUTt6HtUdJNnwwrs7MGywq9Cf5aVDsYhUYMyB1OjKRoR/mte+LkK2lc2tkuEjzEa+mk69u5qKNxrDKr57Qi0+q+ncanvr7EVBWrg5J5Zs3cI9rE+bOwYLsUgaMOqsf0070A4n8NLlvF2rdti9i68eIB5kGpbPAgeUGG2J7Gis+UA8Pyri3RXWyxVgCDI1BEjr2rKvy2yIAiqAqjKB2A0A+1ZQx5Ke4PzpeZhaunxbbQDI8y+ojqOkUQ4/gbdxbmIez4hVfnzOrMo0VnC+UNG50FHOSPhzZAW/fuC4eiJIX1DHQkjaNKcsWlmxbYWLVvuy9DHfvWtavKb0p/hvLfEcaGe0T4Z/4l1vmJ+aDBZhM667b1xxvLN/ht604dmuAj5FMQdwCfmEaH3p445zA6BF8cW5eCgRSE3166ba+tL/ABnmbEWUDWrhLBhFwqpIUjUDTyzpIj3qM12xmGxeLJf9ocFdkDlVA7ALAj0NImMtsrHMZMme/vr3qyuF8427VgNiJxeLZ2hFZcoXoWy+QfYmpGMx2EuYd7nE8CmHJ/3ajS6//KRBkabwKlv4q7A8T8M5MqnMRowkD6daYOVeNNh78eRbReQjkZQdyM34fT3FKuJVSSVBAk5ZMkehPWjl2y72pW2I8NQB/q3n31B671NVc7kXQptrDEh0O+u+pGkGhmI4H4wV7pm+ykPpuCwGaOghdB6mgnw9xDNbA8yoT5Qx8qsCZCwdIb8J/SjmOxosXbl5P3hKajVcrA7kdVAk9d+lDlmVRvMmAKXngeQMVU+321qDcdY336Vb/M3KFm/Z8W23hzF0SSUOfrJO5I6n7VUeMwhR2QplZdCOx9T1qdJdQwkQdddjXoMf4jTlw/kxHso13GWbQM5h8+WNoKmDP0jTemLlrgnDcPh2xFx0xdwXPKQXUJlbynLoZ2YkgxsOsy1vknmJE4TftIfDv5iDc00D6K51zQNV9DRvhPNYuHCYXEXA120zNddWVkcIj5fMDuDlJBEytE+WOGW8Z4t6/hUDmVTEBY8VT+KNJMgax7RQXivw5xKYm1fw963cKanxsqLp+EJbtwFgkdamOt7HH8L9jN5oAKu6r0zMTlO24kfeqe4sYhfT+Qq4OP8ALQxBDpfSxdIHjIGLW2jbtqO8DSlTHciI93M2ILACPKsfmSaTxsIXBr4t3dQSWICx37fWnO/bxaMUewTaMAgkQPUENEx30o5w/g2DwpzIgLj8TGSPYnb6V14xxArYuOCNFJE66gaaHeo6ru6LSFmGZ3UxbDjuNGI2ImYr3hrYw6G7c8zt67tvE9hoT6x7V3XhhK5pl+vYn39Bp9Ka+ZuX8JbwCO7FsRdy+CQx2kFgFmIyzJImY20qNuAHLVjG45ybJZUUQxDQPYnqfSrB5b4HcwYuNecOSAqwxMAnWZ+n596g8rcTt4ZGDwltIXQSS0DQAbnUfepvFuOi7bTIGGa+iAMIJ1BJ3MiKmbb6GrlsyfespIx3MzC44W5bIDGDPSdK3WcYxywvxES6QrIVctlEfi21PYk9Kkce5mTL4T5rbHXzqYI9CP1o/wAW5y4dZOa3bS6/QogH/wAoqBw34j4W8+XFWFRTOViMw9ARlmT3Fabl+4UsPjReWEgt/CTr9RXDmHh123hGcrC+Iik9yTMDvtVt4TG4a8jHCLaNwDy5rcCegJiaUeZuX8fxDD2lZBYuJcOe3I8EjX94CCTI7dZ71afPfwufDjjOAsllxiLnLBrdwpmjSCJ6Rv8AU0wfEzkwNbbFWAXM5nzMSQkD5R2G/oKA2OVxg8TaJNvE3Fbz22AFsAjuTBIMHWOmnWpvD+P8UvXgRbdlkwCvkK6grA8pBHXpA17g+7FfWUVdGkg7/T+o0o1wHmR7BcZAblwgqWExO4GlE+Ocr30V1a2EbKWRNNT2B6wKHZTaNt0tvGUMCBIDDR176H+VLfVE+F43EWLz2imY3XD2ywygMJUmB3WQQP4RTi5vXbOaxo8FbhHf8SkHfT2iaW+YOLftOGY4SwSlogM4BZtRIYEbEMNe2hoLy7xzwUAN/P4k5w2fyMdPNOjAjqIiBUziwLCNntLiSow7W2IBy5EyZSC3rIECTS/x/hlzFo3h2EVs4y5FAzIqkgyT1LH18opg8K21oteaVKfLbGk/hMTt39q8cKxpvThktFFt2l85WGYiROkgCdteh11oG4p3GWjazKxbNtHYzRLhWNsqAq2C6Zi2V2BzQPKDCgkAydCAYANR+dbLJiHRhlCNk3B1H5TEbVBw2LhQB4a5erEk+4X+VLSxsJzjfZZF33gQoPZdNgKi8T5tcwj3Wk/hU6nqZAqvxirrsRbUljpIEaddBoKZvhrwovdxT3BJtWHEHfM4I67aBvvUrI2vNoHyhvqK03Nzf6opaww0neuj4npAj2qVFL3NBJkLJ9a6DjN27bcvISCBl2mNdfaPvS/cIo7j76smS3bCrGZQDAy/iaCe/wB4qQfhOLXFYZnbLMHYmPSaYL9yRhg3mLFTJ6AwSB2kn7zScw1mjC4otZSPmSAfQDMV/wA9qiL2cYbrZSfLLHTuQxB+gj7UVU3sS8W7mU2ocdZYhQAAN9TFLHAXzMCOiNPuAwH6ipufI/UB/IdddhH5ilCR5PZfKRckaH3FaoGRdGkt9zWUMhSYkA6zHof7Gm3lvlRsU9lmtX1sOSTcGQ6QYjrqQBJFTsPybhcPD32a+d8nypPrGp+9EcVzvdsqEwyW7VtRCqF0A9hUbt9Hjl7kjDYU5lDOwMq7E5wCPlOUgETJ26104hxfEWBfvXbIFhAMgVs10wDmYgaAe5MRVSX+a8VcnPfeOymB+VGOD8LbFJLX8q6hQxkn1AO3vRjHh9oe3Mlm/iLtzFWS+GunN4K+WLgywS4ifKupnrtTRY50wSfuMNbuWRb3VQqr6gnzZtfTvrS5i+TeIEFFueNbkkTcMT7MN6WbhQ3hasWctwlLebxDBbZtDoJb10j1qayVZWG4sca7hnHkOZQxGYAjUQOmm5kzXfCYELca3ut3zpI2cfOJ9aGcp8lNh7ov33BeCMibCe56/SmjG4YsJXR0OZPfqPqKmbZPSHw3iIwj2sFbQW/EJcEDQKZLMOhOw9JB9Krrm3DjD4y54SmLplc43Da5x03kQfqKtq5bsNcsYxxrbBCGdAXgGR3kR9aV/izZsXrHi+KM9s+WB5W/iUN1O2npVFL21yfxRbgSzfRbdyI3y5gPlkQInoVPX6VK4viEtvfYs1m4yKD4WpOWRlgkQCSpzese9bcu8zXbDhmZrqjQo7Egg9p2j7VYd3myxdtlRbzs1gDQeZCYBIbqAY210qNhnwXD7L4cnw0RrqyCUB1IkEg/N0md4qpuYPh9dwoOJzrftKQz5VhgD1gyD/mlOmG4p49zDYZfEORAM5iNB/DGjEA6k+wg0u8f4Hjr2JZbdu5aw40eXIDD8RPmMk67DrtUJ0AYbmHD2dFsOoPQwSfrOtEbHNtjw76WUuI95YkLJkD37TRzEcl4QKS1vFZdvILL5TGuuQNvpqaAB+DWAEe1iWYH55WTrOoW5A00pa0J4By3dvQQrlGkSEcfmVymDGk9K8YzlTFJiFsLbLu3yZdQRO5Oy+s7VYHNPPSvhFbCM1ohgMhGUqBpHUDT0NL/AC/zzdQsHZrwZTmDBTlIG6gR9zvA2qW1CxvIvh3hZOMw5cLmuKSQVG8DQ5j9valrGplLBfxH6wKPLzBh7rm5jLJuEKAhtsEyZZIges9ewoJiLwIYrME6FomJPUae8VGB7EnQ1L4Vfyltd1j86iOP1rxZeGBjYigjfAT4WIysdGED67US4xaOa4OsZh9N6C5SwB/EpkH6z+tGOJYwEo86kCR6bGtJ6XG6CRWVABPQ1lQHeN80pJC+Y0LwlnEYoO1q0SFIBj1/7UvLpT58KuP2sPcvpfbKtxVKnpIJ37aGjVeipiLN63OZDA3/AL14w3FmDAtsO2hFWlztzL4LWhhbVjEC6DrqxBBHRfQ9expVu8pYzHOLhs4XCjrDBZ9SoLGftRq8kzguPvC219b48JBJl9B6RvPSKQrdwk5+pfN7Hf8AWjC8mXnvPaW5h81swWa4Mp9VOpO46UGxGFe3ca23zKxBjbQ9PSlPpTgd63ibCXbbTmUTpsY1H0M10u4coQYpb+E5e3gP3hBBYsgUyQpjQxsZnT1pqsXLl7Up4dvoG+dj3IGij0kn2rLjeqCcbwBvWr+HWB4iEoegb/vSFwLhWI04fxDDt4T3RcS5mEAqJcAg7Mo20O9WjxDCnQgSyGR/P8qgcdQ3MM+UEtlJWN5g7evT61aZVX868uW0ueLhrRXDgDXoe5AJmNvedJqRyJgbdy5cUnOqKcrEdWIgEdZg9YreK42eJ57Cxbe2oawrEgNlEXFbpMaj2oPy9xK5gXuL5XMAwJKkDUidCNOvrWnTvD3xHFWLHgN4fh+ASwK/xMIlu4J1BOh0olwXjNvFC7Ztl86qGZmGhLHUgA7Ax96Tcdx+xicOMyJ4hePDJkiYKshImCJEA6HpWY/mxLWIW/hbRtMMP4ZVvlkjQwNTA11jpQzZ0bMDiSbAuSfLIfLtmUkN+k1Sl9PGvQoLFmIAB8xJJjf6Vb+DujC8NxAxDo964pcAMC83VgEgfL5pPaqy5ewU43DqtwWybgAciYPT89PrSZ9OXFuW/FUF1FohRmVJMkDrEUj8Q4XcsMW8O4bezSCPz6VZHNHBcRZVnxHEntp/pUD7ayT6VWeM4ldZytq7euA6A3DLGeyyY/WoyhlxcuZdj611tN5FA31J/lRDiPLGJsKly7bYByd959R0n13r3heXcVdgJhrzTt+7YD7kQKDoNrXMLtTmPh1jvEW0wRGZSwzONAN5idanj4X3gR4l+2B/oBJ/OKhsJjYtjGWFBgT+VN+IwduygUhSSAQxE+/qNaceA8r4TCgNlDuPxvqfoNh9KG82GxeMRDDqp/lsaTLpL8G3/hrVSRwwfx/lWqVpTdh1pr+F+Fs3scLV9A6vbcAN3iQR6wD96VHWpfAuINhsRbvoPNbaQDsehHfaayqcviXy5awly21k5VcGFzEtI307a0lO5GyketN2BwN7i2OlitkkSfKSoAGukzJ9xTnwzk/D4FmbFYpHUxly+RlbWdMzSIpG50qngfB7+IuC3YVizdAfuSZAAqzOBfCNVAbGXyT1S1t7ZiJPTYU78CbBpbZsKF13jVyf1qNf5vthCwt34E/8JzJ7QFJEnSSAKGbyt9OPDeFYLh5LI9zURlZ8w77aRtUXjPxGs2pFpMzd2Iy/YGf0oTjOLYW+tt8WcoW6qsuVixVgSuYKQbfUZiNYmNaicw8D4XddBh7rHLIe1hf3jH1Mt5QNp9ah4z6O8mc2jFo5Y/vEbzTsQdo9I0j0otZxOW61ud/MvtQvgfA0w6ZLFh0BOpcDM3qTJ/Wo3GmuDLcQee0ZIH8PUetSyV74zgraXkvpaRXZgniBRILaAnae3rMUn884fD2zca0zFiCjFtsxyiAfSDp0k008butewzLbfKWUMh6yCCNemopM4Ny2+KPg3nKFQ1257lsoWZgTqZHWlrj67KeGvqXKqpVSNNZOYbQY2/rTvjeD3LiW84ZmYKwdD5QGjMCO6n+H1HSlfG8KWziDacsFEgwNQRp9R+s0a5W4qigC7c87abSAh+XNrAM9NwImDFTQ8nDsLguIZGKXMJdwxBJYMS2kAQfmLKI/5qAf+Hmv5msYZ7iSrAqwAVYlgSSDqJ21BqHzfgFGIL2HtnN5myn5G06EAxP59tqaOHcWfC2rzqviIQD5SVUh9WA3ygZd/WofC9hMDe4mVUvktorC2rOzRqC3mdiTp19hT5wPlvCYAC4MrNp+8YgkT26AaEzvpSVyrxq0t39nFoi1eur5brSFnTRgoOpyit88YQ2r4YqVt5AEtyM3lEAe09TULN6Wjy9xe3iM1wDMqsQunbrXfj3NNvDjzH6A/rVHctc1YjCZl1KNOh2Uk6sO/tXLmHjvisSCSKMHhDfzhzz+/XwWRlABzZfNPVZ7VBbnojuar265J1rQFOtyZDriecywI1oHe42zbaUKa0RuCNAdex1FEuX+BXsXeFmwuZjqegAG5J6CrTr2MW3c/esqxrfwogANifNGsJpPWPNW6Nc/KKmJ9K8kwa2RWEVOhn4lirgtElFZSFPmXSJB6R+RqDwy7mtXIW2hYqJC6gDUwTMTp9qcL3D1vcGFxVl1t9NzlaD+QNJHAOKJZLB0zo2u+oPcd/alS6MYXiV21qCW2zgqCCoIMQdDt1ojgrXjBblu5ZtXbRByOqBX7EMonT+Fpid6H4O/dvycNh7Lx0z+Yf8ATINFeA8JxJYm7bS2OmX+kn0qViTbwkYLEhSz3nts12FIUKusDvGpmifwe4eLOKxCvcsuxtqE8O4GmCSxHXqJ0qTiMlnBYxmYBv2d1WNyzCBH+daqngHE/BxNu8xYIH/eZWKnIfmEj0NFZvcsfSeI5jwiPka+gbtM/pUjEcPtXATA8w+ZeoP61SPGsXat4orbwk6gKGLTrEd2JMg699qu3huZMOniwrKgL66Lprqe3epy5cc9K9u8MvWbjYZ2BM5rTRoyE7e460Nwt82LzkMMty6LYJnIcogk/wDUWM/6afeY8RZbDftZGtpWa2dj2I9iOlVsmEu3uHgAEMwziRqWmfzP60unG77ePiI9h4dAzMPKb26lgDAkaTGv0pDwmKKOLkAkHUdCDuPqJoxgLzHx8NiFceIhKCCct1dVIGsCJBjoaANZKmGBUjcHcfSojvHMeXcXVPzCC43I38w11nfvTNyrajhzXLhWG8VU18w2J/OdNdNaR8EmcG1PmJBQ9J6j6jb2rr+0vbtwl0xmJIUyhOkSuxI9RUaIYPGLZvpdUB/DcFQQJAA+0zPTQgU0fsoxxF28ZtHZQ27dzAEQDGXprVc2sVcDZgxVp3Gk/beri+HfC7hwQNy2wbOSMykHKYgielQtzsHvcl4UDRGP1NB+IcqWYlA6kbxqPsasbiOEabKDTM8kdcoEkevQfWo9/DBSCdj0ET7a6TUpVX4vkq6E8RGDD+E6H+lReXODJeveFedkYmFULLMew1Ee9W1heJpauQuGvnTzEm3Amfw67R3qBZ5m4V+2W8Qiu18HJmAIAkZcxEa7xPrUNrdj4eBMi3brOi/IjhWC6zGgpm5f4bbwNi6LCF3LM/ywSTsunQdPSlfnjmdjbItBz+8HmBKr2yggyfelfg/M74Z2cWtZlma8WaCdgCYP01oGWzs4jh3EX8zYlUZtSsfKTqV+m1ZQV/iMxJPgnUzv/asqWVVLb1qdK1cOtaml0XP8J3z4ErPyXGH0MH+tcObvh8l4eJhlVLo+ZdlcforetRPghiv/ADFo9kcD7g/yq0misuVuV8zY3h97DXdnR11G4Yfbf3GlNfL3xGKkLjEzr/6iiHHuNm/KrY4zweziFK3kVh0PUex3FVBzxyYuF/eJdVkJ+ViBcEntsw+1Lc5SifPfNmGuWBawzeI1wgsYIyqDMeYDUnpVcse9FrXK+KNs3vDIQKWk6SoGvl32oLM+tRXLyE4v4K28S9s5Seunyn7RVgvfw72YvXFGRQbmZogdzrt61U/wYRx+0E6IQun+oTrHtT5ixbYyyKxHUgGKmOU2lPmLi+I4k74bAJlwiJlzkQG2OhIkCRA9J71G4Ljr9jCm29ou9gwUHzeGeo7wfyNOyXOgEUF41c8O9axAGhOS4PQ9ftU1P4l8k8cw152yyrhdQw1AmD+tDvi1hsN4S+RVvE+Uj5u5nuCOtTeIWVtjxUCeIuobYMu8E9itLKcVtXbV29d8168/h2g5EKAcqyegAOpqEnekB7hCrGhQ/XuDW7bK7jOciO3mIWcpO5gfeBXjitt1usriHDENG0z+lYiiBqIYa+h9aWkm1gc90WrRzsWAUr1kwDVpco8cxGH4ncwmLuG4XUKknQEDMoECAILD6Cq65buOl8FEXPa1LsT5RO+8QPbapnMHNd25iheC20vW/KLlsbgTDazrB37VCzelz4nGJeugG4A6ZsqjbN1BPcAUCxKSwJk5T0O59v8AOtJnLfMdizbt5zee+zXCSdEXMT13MkDvqelNfKj/ALQl66zHN0B0KAgkH6gjX3oZzAvm7jDWAomC0R30mf1/OlbkjAE3zOVw9o6RPUSD2Ncef+Ji9jWCny2/Iv0Op+/6UZ5G4/aw9gi3grt/FFiCyrK5fwientFLXx55m5dxNxj4CXDaAEKxG/WADtSlxHhF7DhWuplzbaiZ9R0qy3ucaxWgCYRD9494J/Skrm3l1sMVN/EC47GSB80dxNClBxcP8VZRAcQww0GFkdJcz9fWsqRbM15KHT9BWPXmPXWf81qaPfwgxRXHhP47bj7DN/KrX5i40mFtF7hMwcoiZPbSqQ5BxYt8Qw7T+MA/9QK/zq++O8NF+01sxqNCaHPlmqZ4hzZxDFErbcoCYAt+X7sf61AxvLNxU8W/ibc9s+dz/nvTc/wzuQf34HYBf11qNa+GNz8V8f8At/vWm9nwl3eOYrKUznLr7n+cR0oOUYnpTpxDkbE22gDMP4h/SifK3IfiOPGOkjRTB1/SpFrkjE37eKTw2CqxAuTABUGSKua/cQjQg1Mu8g4LyG3b8Jk2KyZHqCdffeph5eHQgfShzvOVA4LgRcJloy9B1rlzFwceG9omVdTlPYjpTHw/h6WpjUnrQPi+LZrzAEZU+UevUn9PpUJdvRc4JfFyz4Vwa25Rgf4dh9tqrfmblfEYdmKKzWJlSNQB6jce9WBxRv2e+l4aLc0cevejFgB5B1H5EUun6pfi3E7d7D2QUy4i35Wb/wBRPwk/6htQ3C280gbjUDv3FPHG+R7jYpFtsIutrpGVepAnWBUDm/lFsBcUrcDrAIJ0ae0UFA4XaN1Cw+e1E9yhO/rl29iK58QsZWNt/K6kiYj6MB+v0r1YxZsOmJtdfnU7EHRl9iJrlxO4hvfuyTaYygO8HWD1np9KUZOZuFWrWFwl7COrZAMzZvNnMENHQAjbpW+ZuY1uXc9hwhNtfEyAqHJBBB1h8siO0nWlPF2hEgmRoZH+e1TeXuFW75c3MTbw6oskvux6ACRP0oX+hRnPrVifDrnHD4a09nEShzZleJBkDQxqIikLE2YZSDKtrI9z9j6VGxIOaKlZvS2eY/ibaVSuEHiP/GwIQfTcmq7tYHF4y7OV7jt1aYj3OgFduULGFLk4m4EI1Gbb6etWxw/jGDW3ltXrce+v51DMhMX4c3I1vJPXQ7/esp2N+0f+Kv3FZUztUFcNaQ16uL7VzNTokYS/kuK66FSGH0M19QJezKGHUA/cV8t2zG9W1iee72FwmFZbSuty0oDEnRlkMDG+w/OpnlNWK2vSoOP4jZsgm9dt2/8AmYA/aqqu8a4zjTCZ7aE7r5BHudaIcM+G5Y58ZfLE7qp/VjqasZ8c9mDH/ELAJohe+3+hYX7mPyoZ/wCMMc5FyxgRbsqZckHMyjpJj8gaO4LgmGw4izaRT3Ilvuda6JcaYIEVHIzlHn1sX4hCKoVgFWZbLG5PvNMdzj5A+RZ96U8ALaDyIqM2rZFifXSvd291hiBvoasHjBrE8YuPpMA/w/13qCjAbfWah4bEnbIwHqKki5PzCo5iLxfh/i2XESfmHv2qNy5jy9kKfmTQ/wAjROzdAMCaVsYP2bGSf93c/n/Q0mGfD40eMpbMSDAOkAnT7VB59RcTbNu0ni3V+YrHkPr/AJ1rWOOW05XRgpI9wKD4LnTxLVjC4cZbzwpuXDIzHdiRvrUM71XqXcuZHBAOkdjXhsIA3hlh3VhqNda7cz2riYi6l+PFV4aNie49xB+tRkuZ0AgZrfUdV9fY0NJPFAPKVMgIoYnfMdx6iaMcB5VN7A4nEkktb0RF1kiCxIjsYAHrS28Fc3rrTDwXil/D2mOHeGYglIDAqAfNB6iI0qVM3JuOw/8As26btpA1knzECWkSu/WTl+1JfMWHc3i5stbUxHlIEwPz71Cv4kkRJAJkqPlnvG1O+Hxn7ThbNrN+8LhQNzGWD9TSiVwvCI91UusUUmMw6UY45ysLC50uh06GjPMnJN21cXwla7Kyco0nqPaglu3iGzW1su43KR8p/wA/WpbAUTW6Lf7CxH/671lSwtsu9ecoiSetac1sCaCxV9auX4dXluYBVZQfDcgEid9R+tUxHvVnfCrEMLN9VI0ZTB9RH8qhfR4usB1rw7MQSATFRsZaYgd9yelKPHeY7Ni4UxGGN/TyajKNBmkd5iDUBjj/ABa7ZggKREkE6x/3/WivJOKsYu0br6MCZTNtHeqo5i42t9R4OHFi0JkKBJfrqBtEaVE5b4m9pyA5UMpB1MD1069qVYsHnTmG1YxHhpbR18NQQD7/AH0ilU8yoIK2spGxnY9OlLvGsf4tyYOmgneBtrUKTPWrSt7l7jbm2xuZWZF3Qyp1iCQNxpJE71NN+4L4ttcs6k6IST9NKrHhH7X4dy9YuNaWyoBKsQYY7CN9dTTXc5+VgqlnX/8AHhiiHML0RoSZj19agcGuMo1n7RQrmPCNetSB5k8wJ7da4cK5ZuEZsTi8TcDKMoFxhBOsmSaP2rAVQFkgQDOpgDqetSB+E44XrAEhiPKxqtOMcPu4e6dCFDEo310p5wqHDYoggrbfb6nSmQ2EcFWUMDvIqJC+IuMtYpcLjbZ89y2VvgdLiQPzBP0ApNssVYNPXUdxTRzLwDwcSttP93cIyCdATA/WifE/hzct4Y3pLsDqqjQLHt3oHoo3beQkTowqZgMPFl3YglGy5TvlInN6j+9Rb65kAI8y7+1dcI7G22U6qBnU7Og206wdPY0lyFtV8znTt161L4RxRrN4XlgFIYCNCV2Gn3oXfultSPttXXhlqWM7AGdOlSW98SOYLow1i9YY2vEMNAEkFZG40/Wu3JTlcIt24c73ACT1gAAfkv60sczcYtXsMmFv5rd+0BB3QkADcSdRpUflPmMqLGEHmGYiYOgJLH3/AJa0MydH841KyhrssnzJv1NZUsUe+hrStptXphrpWAdKm3gMO1PPwpv/AL+4v8Vsn7Ef1pJPSaZvh9ey423P4pX7ipLRviQFzR3Peqs+IyZMSNN0B/WrUCkN3FVr8UrLftFt+jJH2P8AekRrlblv9pwqsWIHitp6Qu1E8X8PrQHkuspj8QB1+m1DuSucVwy+BeXySSHG6zvI6irDs4hL4DWnDqdRBn/tUlV3+R8ZnKqquOjAgA/czUmzyBi8wzBFE6nODH061amcKMzEADcml7i3N2GQ6XQ57KJ/PapPHGOGWrHDrlmyp0Ek6SSNZP2qrsKgN22H0RnUFuykgE/QT9qtDEYlMXwzFYlSUVFywdyxIH2M/nVWXLp0AOg6etAfVNjhNkKAFkRpJrL3CLTfhj2NK3LPOinD2EaxiMwtIrNkESFAJ3k6+lN+C4hbujyNr2Ig/Y0ON2ErnTlS41rPa85TWPxR/P6UI4Zdbw1LCJ/lVq0C5i4YDbJQQZJgde/3p1rjz+UgccwX7SEGkhwVPbUU+l81nKxgFCPypQWRLRtr9q78JsW8RaXE4xhlLFraloVF6DSJO+/emt8orHmLC/s9/QhkYSDO/Q0Ft3MjSvWfsdxTz8QOE4YItzCldJDAHeTp/OkJe1TUe79orBjRhIPSP60S5X817KVnytrvAA80jqI+1ccMwZPDJ1Py+jf0O1Zwm+Ld9WYSBIZZgkQevT+1REuPYJnY3QQ8wCRuSsKTEdxv1oKvkcEHaDIopjrsBvDfOrAEwSSTOs9dKhLg3Y6QSdYBB131g1Iz2eIWcolJMCTG5rKi2eDYgqCFMED8X96yklK8gmsCiKysrIbiaL8qKBi7H/8AQfrWVlSXVhrCs7AiRrSJ8TbK+DbMai4QD6RtW6ykKyCCiPBMdcsuDadkJ3g7/TasrKCb8FxG67BXcsDuCAf5UUxfLmFa2rmyuYtqRI/Q1qspV9BvNmESxhCloZFZwSoJgkbTrrSNhlGYe4/WsrKqL6X5gh8vsKI7EEaEHSsrKHPl7MinQVB4qxGSOrQfsaysoc/pNxlsZ3EaQagclWw6WkcBlV9AwkCJisrK07X0XPicgXHXFUADKDA2mKRIrKyox0AqUUHjLpvE/asrKmnIoJNeAIMjQjY1qsqP1OUmNz9zWVlZUn//2Q==)
Es va perfeccionar, progressivament, el funcionament de les màquines de vapor alimentades amb carbó i es va millorar la producció siderúrgica. Però la segona revolució industrial va néixer de la utilització de noves fonts d'energia: l'electricitat i el petroli. El darrer pilar bàsic de les transformacions tècniques de la darreria del segle XIX va ser el sector químic.
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